Volume 01, Issue 01, January 2023
Synthesis, Characterization and Studies of Chemically Modified Poly(Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) through Nitrile Functionalization
Elssa George a, Remyasree Rajan a, P.R. Sruthi a, Jomon Joy a and S. Anas a,b[1]
a School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India-686560
b Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India-686560
Abstract
Design and synthesis of novel functionalized polymers have received significant attention among scientific and industrial communities. This is mainly due to the wider prospects in enhancing the properties and thereby extending the scope and applications of the existing polymer. New polymeric materials are usually obtained by adopting several synthetic methods. The classical one is the homopolymerization reaction of single monomer or otherwise is the use of a mixture of monomers as starting materials leading to various kinds of copolymers depending on the reaction conditions. In this context, the possibilities of nitrile group functionalizations in polymers such as PAN, SAN and NBR have been explored recently. For example, reports are available on the modification of nitrile group in Polyacrylo nitrile (PAN) to tetrazole, oxazoline, amidoxime etc. Most of these modified systems shown to have improved properties and applications. For example a novel polyvinyl tetrazole grafted resin has been introduced for the selective adsorption of heavy metals such as Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III) from waste water. Similar kinds of nitrile group functionalizations in NBR and SAN are also demionstrated. However, reactions of nitrile group in Poly (acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene), ABS is studied not much and the available report describes the conversion of CN group into oxazoline and its derivatives in melt.
* Corresponding author: Email address: anastvr@gmail.com (Anas S)
Structural and Electrical Characterization of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles
Srijith S a[1], Asitha L. R a, Amritha R S a and Ridhun M a
a Department of Physics, Sree Narayana College, Kollam, India – 691001
Abstract
Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) is a transition metal oxide. These nanoparticles of Co3O4 possess interesting magnetic, optical, field emission as well as electrochemical properties. Thus, they have significant applications in devices like solid-state sensors, solar selective absorbers, lithium batteries, catalysis etc. Thus, it is an industrially significant oxide. Considering the unique potentialities as well as the simplicity of SCS, it is a best option for the synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials. Average crystallite size was determined using X-ray diffraction line broadening. Nanocrystalline cubic and anisotropic Co3O4 sample with an average crystallite size of 11 nm was synthesised. Variation of dc electrical conductivity with temperature was tabulated. From the Arrhenius plot of Co3O4, activation energy was evaluated to be 0.51 eV. Co3O4 nanoparticles have greater significance in solid state sensors, solar collectors, electrochromic devices and so on.
[1] Corresponding author: Email address: srijithkeanu@gmail.com (Srijith S)
Optical Properties of Zn doped SnS Nanoparticles
K.T. Ramlaa, b, S.B. Rakesh Chandran c and A. P. Sunithaa*
aGovernment Victoria College, Palakkad, Kerala-678001
bP. T. M. Government College, Perinthalmanna, Malappuram, Kerala-676552
c Department of Physics, Sanatana Dharma College, Alappuzha, Kerala, India, 688 003
Abstract
Tin sulphide (SnS) nanoparticles and Zinc (Zn) doped SnS nanoparticles were synthesized by a cost-effective wet chemical method. Doping SnS with Zn was done at various wt. percentages. To analyze the optical properties of as synthesized materials UV-Vis-NIR absorption studies and photoluminescence studies were conducted. The samples were characterized by X-Ray diffraction, and dynamic light scattering experiments for structural and size analysis. Sn*S and Zn-dopedSnS exhibit wide absorption from UV-visible to near IR region suggesting the potential application of Zn doped SnS as an absorber layer in photovoltaic applications. 3 wt.% Zn doped SnS attains maximum crystallinity, absorbance and photoluminescence whereas for higher and lower concentrations it shows the reduction in performance.
*Corresponding author: Email address: sunithaganesh@gvc.ac.in (A.P Sunitha)
Determination of optical conductivity and different optical energy losses for non-crystalline Zinc tetra tert – butyl 2,3 Naphthalocyanine thin films
Dhanya Ia, Rinta Mery Prakasha, Nikhila Ann Abrahama, Anu M.Aa and Sreejith K Pisharadyb*
aDepartment of Physics, Catholicate college, Pathanamthitta, Kerala,689 645, India
bDepartment of Physics, Sanatana Dharma College, Alappuzha, Kerala, 688 003, India
Abstract
Amorphous Zinc Tetra Tert-Butyl 2, 3 naphthalocyanine thin films (ZTTBNc) have been deposited using Physical Vapor Deposition technique. By analyzing the X-ray diffraction, the structure of as deposited films is found to be non-crystalline. Different optical properties of these thin films have been investigated by means of optical absorption and reflection spectra. From analyzing the optical band gap energy, Eg ; it belongs to wide bandgap type semiconductor. Various optical constants like width of band tails of localized states into the gap, EU and steepness parameter, β gets calculated and the variation of different optical parameters like refractive index, extinction coefficient, dielectric constants, optical conductivity and surface and volume energy losses with photon energy are estimated.
* Corresponding author: Email address: skpishar@gmail.com (Sreejith K Pisharady)
Variability in nightside lunar surface charging with high energy electron fluxes
S.B. Rakesh Chandran a,b[1], S.R. Rajesha, A. Abraham b,c, A.P Sunitha d , G. Renuka e, Chandu Venugopal f
a Department of Physics, Sanatana Dharma College, University of Kerala, Alappuzha, 688 003, Kerala, India.
b Department of Physics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, 695 581, Kerala, India
c Christian College, University of Kerala, Chengannur, 689 122, Kerala, India.
d Department of Physics, Government Victoria College, Palakkad, Kerala-678001
e Department of Physics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom 695 581, Kerala, India (Rtd.)
f School of Pure and Applied Physics, M.G. University, Kottayam, 686 560, Kerala, India.
Abstract
Our lunar surface is exposed to all kinds of radiations from the Sun, since it lacks a global magnetic field. Like lunar surface, dust particles are also exposed to plasmas and UV radiation and, consequently they carry electrostatic charges. During Solar Energetic Particle events (SEPs) secondary electron emission plays a vital role in charging of lunar dusts. To study the lunar dust charging during SEPs on lunar wake region, we derived an expression for lunar dust potential and analyzed how it varies with different electron temperatures and grain radii. Because of high energetic solar fluxes, secondary yield () values reach up to 2.3 for 0.5 dust grain. We got maximum yield at an energy of 550 eV which is in well agreement with lunar sample experimental observation (Anderegg et al., 1972). It is observed that yield value increases with electron energy, reaches to a maximum value and then decreases. During SEPs heavier dust grains show larger yield values because of the geometry of the grains. On the wake region, the dust potential reaches up to -497 V for 0.5 dust grain. The electric field of these grains could present a significant threat to manned and unmanned missions to the Moon.
[1] Corresponding author: Email address: rakesh@sdcollege.in (Rakesh Chandran S.B)